What Is a Native Plant?
Native plants are plants that evolved over hundreds or thousands of years in the area. Native plants grew naturally in an area before humans began to bring in outside plants to grow and farm. Plant natives adapted to the climate and cultural conditions of an area and became part of the ecosystem. That brings us to our next question: what is that area? Plants may be native to North America, but not necessarily native to every state in the U.S. Native plants can evolve in very specific sites, so that a plant is native to the Acadia National Park area of Maine, but not near Portland. Native plants should always be identified with a qualifier, like “Native to New England.” There’s even more ambiguity with native plants when you consider that a plant can be native to very diverse climates. For example, the Eastern Redbud is native to both Georgia and New York, but trees that have been growing in Georgia have adapted to Georgia’s climate, not New York’s. So ideally it would be best to know where the plants you are purchasing were grown. In reality, most plants being offered are from large growers and farms, and you may never be certain where your plant originated. However, there’s every reason to hope it will adapt.
Why Should I Garden With Native Plants?
For starters, they take less work and resources. Since native plants have spent centuries adapting to your area’s growing conditions, they aren’t going to need much in the way of supplemental fertilizer, spraying and water. New cultivars often make similar claims, but they may need more pampering to perform in various zones. They may be able to take the winters in Zone 5, but the relentless humidity of summer could do them in. Even those that succeed will need a period of adjustment in your garden. Native plants have adapted to local climate and soil conditions where they naturally occur, meaning they rarely need fertilizers and pesticides, as they’ve formed a symbiotic relationship with wildlife in the area. They use less water than lawns, preventing erosion due to their deep roots that store water. Native plants reduce water runoff and flooding, while also reducing air pollution—they don’t need mowing. Native plants also sequester—or remove—carbon from air. Native plants tend to be well behaved in the garden. Native plants are rarely invasive. Having evolved within the community, they have natural predators that help to keep them in check. It’s hard to know that a new plant developed in Zone 6 won’t take off and become invasive in Zone 8. Local wildlife, birds, and butterflies have a relationship with your native plants. They rely on them for food, shelter, and nesting. Finally, native plants can be quite beautiful. We often overlook the plants right under our nose, in favor of this year’s new plant in town. But garden favorites like coneflowers, coreopsis, and yarrow have all been developed from North American natives.
Do My Plant Natives Have to Be Native to My Town? My State?
The more local you are in choosing native plants, the less maintenance and better your success rate will be when growing them. However, we are gardening, not setting up a preserve. So start by including a handful of plants native to your county or state and build from there.
Where Can I Find out What Plants Are Native to My Area?
The easiest place to start is at your local Cooperative Extension. They should be able to provide you with or point you to a native plant list for your area. Small native plant nurseries are starting to pop up everywhere. These nurseries are a great source for native plants as well as gardening information specific to your area. PlantNative has a state by state listing of native plant nurseries. And always get your native plants from a reputable source. This will help protect endangered species that are illegally harvested in the wild, as well as ensuring you are getting the plant you want and not an imposter.
